Free Essays on Capitol Punishment

Capital Punishment Introduction This day in age Murderers' actions are getting more and more incomprehensive. They are no longer just committing murder: they are torturing, mutilating and engaging in grossly inappropriate acts against fellow human beings. Behaviors such as this will continue if nothing is done to stop them. The death penalty is a humane way to punish the convicted and deter these gruesome acts. Early as 1930, we can find the first recorded execution. Between the times of 1930 to 1967 there was a recorded number of 3,859 people executed. The following nine years would bring victory for those against capital punishment, there was no executions done in this time frame. Gregg vs. Georgia, Supreme Court of 1976 made a ruling that "the death penalty does not violate the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment." The death penalty has been accepted by thirty-nine states of America (Newton, 1983). I will be showing how selections of death row are made. The last of subject matters that I will be touching on are the problems with the process of capital punishment and a possible more effective approach. I will also be concluding my findings and ending with a thought of my own. There are many logical factors that determine a person being sentenced to death. A criminal's past record and the seriousness of the crime currently committed are two major factors in determining death row sentencing. These factors are what have sent more men to death row than women. Some people believe that the selection of death row is unfair due to the number of men vs. women facing it. Jurors have many things to consider when convincing the accused. How brutal was it, how many people were killed, was it premeditated, was it torturous? These are all things that the jurors considering when determining the fate of the accused. Of course they also have to decide if the evidence proves, with out a doubt, the person is guilty. In se... Free Essays on Capitol Punishment Free Essays on Capitol Punishment Capital Punishment Introduction This day in age Murderers' actions are getting more and more incomprehensive. They are no longer just committing murder: they are torturing, mutilating and engaging in grossly inappropriate acts against fellow human beings. Behaviors such as this will continue if nothing is done to stop them. The death penalty is a humane way to punish the convicted and deter these gruesome acts. Early as 1930, we can find the first recorded execution. Between the times of 1930 to 1967 there was a recorded number of 3,859 people executed. The following nine years would bring victory for those against capital punishment, there was no executions done in this time frame. Gregg vs. Georgia, Supreme Court of 1976 made a ruling that "the death penalty does not violate the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment." The death penalty has been accepted by thirty-nine states of America (Newton, 1983). I will be showing how selections of death row are made. The last of subject matters that I will be touching on are the problems with the process of capital punishment and a possible more effective approach. I will also be concluding my findings and ending with a thought of my own. There are many logical factors that determine a person being sentenced to death. A criminal's past record and the seriousness of the crime currently committed are two major factors in determining death row sentencing. These factors are what have sent more men to death row than women. Some people believe that the selection of death row is unfair due to the number of men vs. women facing it. Jurors have many things to consider when convincing the accused. How brutal was it, how many people were killed, was it premeditated, was it torturous? These are all things that the jurors considering when determining the fate of the accused. Of course they also have to decide if the evidence proves, with out a doubt, the person is guilty. In se... Free Essays on Capitol Punishment The Ultimate Punishment Your choices would be either to die gasping and coughing to try to force toxic chemicals out of your lungs, or to be injected with a lethal mixture of chemicals until your body submits to the poison circulating in through your veins. That would be a rather tough decision to make. It is the decision made by a few inmates on death-row. These methods of murder are an example of inhumanities and injustices in today’s system of capital punishment. The commonly offered arguments for the death penalty are filled with holes. The death penalty has yet to be proven as an effective deterrent. And it is actually a continuation of the cycle of violence which â€Å"...degrades all who are involved in its enforcement, as well as its victim.†(Stewart 1) Realistically, the death penalty is an expensive and time consuming process. The death penalty is ineffective when it comes to serving justice to our society today. The most frequent argument for capital punishment is probably that of deterrence. The idea behind this is that criminals will choose not to do certain crimes for fear that a death penalty could be their punishment. Numerous studies have been created attempting to prove this belief; however, â€Å"all the evidence taken together makes it hard to be confident that capital punishment deters more than long prison terms do.†(Cavanagh 4) Going ever farther, the executive director of the Montgomery based Equal Justice Initiative, has stated that â€Å"people are increasingly realizing that the more we resort to killing as a legitimate response to our frustration and anger with violence, the more violent our society becomes†¦We could execute all three thousand people on death row, and most people would not feel any safer tomorrow.†(Frame 51) In addition, with the growing humanitarianism of modern society, the number of inmates actually put to death is lower than 50 years ago. This creates a situation in which the d...

Quotes From The Brothers Karamazov

Quotes From The Brothers Karamazov The Brothers Karamazov is one of the greatest novels of all time. The book was the final novel Fyodor Dostoyevsky wrote before his death. This important Russian novel is often praised for its complexity. Quotations From the Novel Imagine that you are creating a fabric of human destiny with the object of making men happy in the end... but that it was essential and inevitable to torture to death only one tiny creature ... And to found that edifice on its unavenged tears: would you consent to be the architect on those conditions? Tell me, and tell me the truth!Im a Karamazov... when I fall into the abyss, I go straight into it, head down and heels up, and Im even pleased that Im falling in such a humiliating position, and for me, I find it beautiful. And so in that very shame, I suddenly begin a hymn. Let me be cursed, let me be base and vile, but let me also kiss the hem of that garment in which my God is clothed; let me be following the devil at the same time, but still I am also your son, Lord, and I love you, and I feel a joy without which the world cannot stand and be.Is there in the whole world a being who would have the right to forgive and could forgive? I dont want harmony. From love for humanity, I don t want it. I would rather be left with the unavenged suffering. I would rather remain with my unavenged suffering and unsatisfied indignation, even if I were wrong. Besides, too high a price is asked for harmony; its beyond our means to pay so much to enter on it. And so I hasten to give back my entrance ticket, and if I am an honest man I am bound to give it back as soon as possible. And that I am doing. Its not God that I dont accept, Alyosha, only I most respectfully return him the ticket. Listen: if everyone must suffer, in order to buy eternal harmony with their suffering, pray tell me what have children got to do with it? It’s quite incomprehensible why they should have to suffer, and why they should buy harmony with their suffering.The stupider one is, the closer one is to reality. The stupider one is, the clearer one is. Stupidity is brief and artless, while intelligence wriggles and hides itself. Intelligence is a knave, but stupidity is honest and straightforward.Everything is permitted...All is lawful.There is only one salvation for you: take yourself up, and make yourself responsible for all the sins of men. For indeed it is so, my friend, and the moment you make yourself sincerely responsible for everything and everyone, you will see at once that it is really so, that it is you who are guilty on behalf of all and for all. Whereas by shifting your own laziness and powerlessness onto others, you will end by sharing in Satans pride and murmuring against G od. Viper will eat viper, and it would serve them both right!What is hell? I maintain that it is the suffering of being unable to love.People talk sometimes of a bestial cruelty, but thats a great injustice and insult to the beasts; a beast can never be so cruel as a man, so artistically cruel. The tiger only tears and gnaws, thats all he can do. He would never think of nailing people by the ears, even if he were able to do it.I think the devil doesnt exist, but man has created him, he has created him in his own image and likeness.If you were to destroy in mankind the belief in immortality, not only love but every living force maintaining the life of the world would at once be dried up. Moreover, nothing then would be immoral; everything would be lawful, even cannibalism.Beauty is a terrible and awful thing! It is terrible because it has not been fathomed, for God sets us nothing but riddles. Here the boundaries meet and all contradictions exist side by side.Hesitation, anxiety, the stru ggle between belief and disbelief- all that is sometimes such a torment for a conscientious man... that it’s better to hang oneself. In most cases, people, even the most vicious, are much more naive and simple-minded than we assume them to be. And this is true of ourselves too.Very different is the monastic way. Obedience, fasting, and prayer are laughed at, yet they alone constitute the way to real and true freedom: I cut away my superfluous and unnecessary needs, through obedience I humble and chasten my vain and proud will, and thereby, with God’s help, attain freedom of spirit, and with that, spiritual rejoicing!Even those who have renounced Christianity and attack it, in their inmost being still follow the Christian ideal, for hitherto neither their subtlety nor the ardor of their hearts has been able to create a higher ideal of man and of virtue than the ideal given by Christ.I may be wicked, but still I gave an onion.A man who lies to himself, and believes his own lies, becomes unable to recognize truth, either in himself or in anyone else, and he ends up losing respect for himself and for others. Wh en he has no respect for anyone, he can no longer love, and in him, he yields to his impulses, indulges in the lowest form of pleasure, and behaves in the end like an animal in satisfying his vices. And it all comes from lyingto others and to yourself. Men reject their prophets and slay them, but they love their martyrs and honor those they have slain.So long as man remains free he strives for nothing so incessantly and so painfully as to find someone to worship.If they drive God from the earth, we shall shelter Him underground.Even there, in the mines, underground, I may find a human heart in another convict and murderer by my side, and I may make friends with him, for even there one may live and love and suffer. One may thaw and revive a frozen heart in that convict, one may wait upon him for years, and at last bring up from the dark depths a lofty soul, a feeling, suffering creature; one may bring forth an angel, create a hero! There are so many of them, hundreds of them, and we are to blame for them.There are souls that in their narrowness blame the whole world. But overwhelm such a soul with mercy, give it love, and it will curse what it has done, for there are so many germs of good in it. The soul will expand and behold how m erciful God is, and how beautiful and just people are. He will be horrified, he will be overwhelmed with repentance and the countless debt he must henceforth repay. Psychology lures even most serious people into romancing, and quite unconsciously.It is not as a child that I believe and confess Jesus Christ. My hosanna is born of a furnace of doubt.To be in love is not the same as loving. You can be in love with a woman and still hate her.Its the great mystery of human life that old grief passes gradually into quiet tender joy.The more I detest men individually the more ardent becomes my love for humanity.

Negligent training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Negligent training - Essay Example and drink arrangement and administration; establishing essential building efforts to establish safety; and making moves to maintain a strategic distance from a rehash of past mishaps by your employs through training them. A standout amongst the most well-known types of mischance at cordiality venues is a slip-and-fall mishap. The recurrence is so extraordinary; this expression is currently a typical legitimate term. Basic reasons for these mishaps incorporate covers not appropriately secured to the floor, electrical lines laid crosswise over floors, wet floors created by spilling roofs or janitorial work, protests or fluids on stairs, and hand railings that fizzle. In the event that you have an exchange show or gatherings where exhibitors or speakers use electronic presentation gear, oblige them to utilize your electrical ropes and demand that your staff introduce them to guarantee they are legitimately laid, taped and secured. A protection safeguard lawyer or your protection bearer ought to have the capacity to provide for you a rundown of slip-and-fall insurances your office can take. Proper instructions and training can prevent this otherwise you can’t stop this. (Ashe, S. (n.d.). Types of Negligence in the Hospitality Industry) There are many steps to reduce negligent training like improving management communication as all administrators will continually and reliably show the adequate behavior, as expressed in the approaches, in their own particular conduct and by taking part in consistent, continuous preparing for all representatives to make economical behavioral change that is in arrangement with organization arrangements and techniques. Other step can be creating a healthy environment for employs to learn like administrators must figure out how to manufacture trust and admiration among their representatives so workers trust it is protected to approach administration without alarm of responses and report episodes where representative behavior

Assignment 5, Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment 5, Biology - Essay Example Control centre, contains genetic material (DNA & RNA) responsible for the formation of various cellular proteins responsible to carryout diverse functions for metabolism and survival of the cell. Plays imperative role in cell division. Porous nuclear membrane aids in transport of various components In animals it is the membrane separating internal cellular composition from the external environment, an osmotic membrane maintains osmotic gradient, protein molecules present in the membrane aids in transport of various substance. 3. You have compared the eukaryotic cell structure of animal and plant cells. Which of the other Kingdoms have eukaryotic cells? Using Internet sources and your text, find out how eukaryotic cells in these kingdoms differ from the plant and animal cells. Kingdom Fungi and Kingdom Protista also contain eukaryotic cells. Fungi are like plants as they are fixed and produce spores but they differ from plants in their mode of nutrition. Plants are multicellular prepare their food and are autotrophs, while fungi is also single or multicellular but is sparotroph. Kingdom protista contain unicellular organisms which are microscopic and possess well defined nucleus. They use pseudopodium or cilia or flagella for locomotion instead of appendages as in animal

Essay --

Tooth and Claw, by T.C Boyle, is a short story about the main character, Junior, a man who only depends on others to get by, and struggles in life because of it. In life, we all find ourselves searching for alternative reasons as to why things don’t always workout the way we hoped they would; however, more often than not, the real reason lies within ourselves, no one or nothing else. It is up to that person to make something happen, and junior fails to do this, always relying on others. As if the title wasn’t enough, the short story is packed with symbolism, one of which being that, like the wild cat he had won, Junior is nothing without someone to take care of him, and he fails to be the change he wishes to see in the world. This is displayed in multiple Scenarios throughout the short story. From the start it is clear that Junior is confused when his boss calls him and tells him not to come in for the day, but instead â€Å"take a couple days off and enjoy yourself†(Boyle 62).Without the direction of his boss and his job, Junior doesn’t know what it is he should do with himself for the day and he seems lost and turns to the comfort of drinking it away at his favorite bar, Daggett’s. Junior acts as if he needs direction of someone else, as pet would, to function. While drinking at the bar, in a haze, Junior wins a wild several that I man were trying to get rid of. This draws the attention of a waitress at the bar he has had his eyes on, Daria. When they get the cat home, they confine it to juniors bedroom, and he claims it hadn’t made a noise yet, but â€Å"†¦It’s existence communicated to me, it was there, I could feel it† (Boyle 72), showing that he connected with the animal and perhaps relates to it. Junior appears to worry greatly ab... ...egins to think of how far away and lost the cat must be, and without being certain that it had escaped, throws himself into the enclosed bedroom and shuts the door behind him, he explains â€Å"And then-and I don’t know why-I pulled the door shut behind me† (Boyle 83), in the instance, severely risking his life; however, like the several, feeling helpless and lost, he seems to be acting on impulse and not bothered by it. The title of the short story, Tooth and Claw, demonstrates the basic needs of survival in the wild, as most animals in the wild have both. While also tying into the symbolic several and metaphorically relating to Juniors life as well because he does not have the necessities to live on his own. The story has a hidden message, which portrays junior’s life lacking â€Å"Tooth, and Claw†, or necessities for survival, proving that it was eventually his downfall. Essay -- Tooth and Claw, by T.C Boyle, is a short story about the main character, Junior, a man who only depends on others to get by, and struggles in life because of it. In life, we all find ourselves searching for alternative reasons as to why things don’t always workout the way we hoped they would; however, more often than not, the real reason lies within ourselves, no one or nothing else. It is up to that person to make something happen, and junior fails to do this, always relying on others. As if the title wasn’t enough, the short story is packed with symbolism, one of which being that, like the wild cat he had won, Junior is nothing without someone to take care of him, and he fails to be the change he wishes to see in the world. This is displayed in multiple Scenarios throughout the short story. From the start it is clear that Junior is confused when his boss calls him and tells him not to come in for the day, but instead â€Å"take a couple days off and enjoy yourself†(Boyle 62).Without the direction of his boss and his job, Junior doesn’t know what it is he should do with himself for the day and he seems lost and turns to the comfort of drinking it away at his favorite bar, Daggett’s. Junior acts as if he needs direction of someone else, as pet would, to function. While drinking at the bar, in a haze, Junior wins a wild several that I man were trying to get rid of. This draws the attention of a waitress at the bar he has had his eyes on, Daria. When they get the cat home, they confine it to juniors bedroom, and he claims it hadn’t made a noise yet, but â€Å"†¦It’s existence communicated to me, it was there, I could feel it† (Boyle 72), showing that he connected with the animal and perhaps relates to it. Junior appears to worry greatly ab... ...egins to think of how far away and lost the cat must be, and without being certain that it had escaped, throws himself into the enclosed bedroom and shuts the door behind him, he explains â€Å"And then-and I don’t know why-I pulled the door shut behind me† (Boyle 83), in the instance, severely risking his life; however, like the several, feeling helpless and lost, he seems to be acting on impulse and not bothered by it. The title of the short story, Tooth and Claw, demonstrates the basic needs of survival in the wild, as most animals in the wild have both. While also tying into the symbolic several and metaphorically relating to Juniors life as well because he does not have the necessities to live on his own. The story has a hidden message, which portrays junior’s life lacking â€Å"Tooth, and Claw†, or necessities for survival, proving that it was eventually his downfall.

Poetry Coursework Essay

Love poems can be traced back many years, love is typically thought of as lust, commitment and sacrifice all rolled into one and here is a quote from Abraham Crowley on love â€Å"A mighty pain to love it is, and ’tis a pain that pain to miss; but of all the pains, the greatest pain is to love, but love in vain.† Love poems tend to be thought of as very conventional. Traditionally, i would expect a love poem to have comparisons, comparing their loved one to angels or goddesses and to build a image in the readers mind that their love was pure and faultless, they would also include in the poem comparisons between their loved one and goddesses or angels and would describe their facial features to something so pure and faultless. However, i have found that some unconventional love poems describe their loved ones to something ugly or dark, some may compare their loved ones to fleas and insects but yet they say that their love is pure and unbreakable. In From Fidessa written by Bartholomew Griffin which was a petrarchan sonnet written in 1596, Bartholomew Griffin talks about his lady obsessively as he uses the metaphor ‘My lady’s hair is threads of beaten gold’ which gives the reader the image that she has the looks of a goddess which fits in with the conventional images of love. It also fits in with how women were thought of in this time period as they were mainly depicted as goddesses or angels by many men, I think this is obsessive love because its like he keeps ranting on about how beautiful she is and how she is faultless in appearance he even goes as far as to say ‘Her feet, fair thetis praiseth evermore.’ This shows the kind of extent he goes to, describing her feet which shows just how obsessive his love is for this women, he says her feet, should be praised ever more this showed how deep and pure his love is, as he has even fallen head over heels with her feet which is a unsignificant part of the body to find appeasing. This is a conventional sonnet because he makes the comparisons between his lady and pure objects such as ‘beaten gold’ which is expected in a conventional sonnet. In sonnet 18 famously written by William Shakespeare and published in 1592, this sonnet was the 18th in 154 and arguably one of the better known of his sonnets as it is shrouded by mystery by the fact that he is writing a love sonnet to a man while normally love sonnets are traditionally made for women and homosexual relationships were frowned upon in those times as they were thought as ‘not natural’, Shakespeare says this man is more ever-lasting and beautiful then natures beauty, as he says ‘Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate’. This sonnet once again displays obsessive love because Shakespeare compares this man to natures finest beauty, a summer day but yet says that he simply cant for he is far better then a summer day which shows just how in love and obsessed he is with this man. This sonnet is a conventional poem depicting a type of unconventional type of love because although it has all the characteristics of a conventional poem, however it is based on a unconventional love between a man and man where as that type of love is normally shown between a man and a woman and in those times, other types of love relationships were frowned upon which make this type of love unconventional in my opinion . In From Canzoniere written by Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) in 1484 is a conventional Petrarch sonnet where he shows the reader how strong and demanding his love is as he says ‘Could my own soul from its own self beguile’ he says that his love is so strong for this women that he feels that his soul and his body could be parted which shows just how strong he feels for this women and gives the reader a strong image of exactly how obsessive this man’s love is for this women as he then goes on to say ‘and my sad harp can sound but notes of pain’, where he basically tells the reader that although he loves this women he isn’t loved back and that all that happen is that his love turns to pain as he knows he isn’t loved back and desperately just wants to be loved by this women. This is a conventional poem as he simply is ‘head over heels’ for this woman and makes comparisons to angels when he says ‘ and the soft lightning of the angelic smile’. â€Å"Soft lightning†is a clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ because as we know lightning is never soft it simply thunders and is rough so i believe this quote is hiding behind its true meaning because the poet says that although her smile is angelic however when angered or bad tempered the â€Å"soft† lightning within her smile begins to show and he seems not to want to upset his beloved one so he hides his true meaning within a sentence full of praise. However, in The Flea written by John Donne in 1630 it is a unconventional poem as he uses unusual things to describe his love for his beloved and shows a erotic type of love as he says ‘Mark but this flea and mark in this’ which tell us he is asking her to notice the flea and notice what he is about to state but then he goes on to say ‘and pampered swells with one blood made of two, and this, alas is more then we would do.’ He suggests that the flea connects them more then she allows as the flea has bit them both and both their blood has fused into one, he displays erotic love because all he wants to do with this woman is break the barrier between them and have sex with her, by comparing their relationship to a flea shows just how lowly he regards their relationship as he badly wants to have sex with her but yet she keeps denying him and just shows exactly how unconvertible this poem is as it goes against all the rules of a conventional poem by making comparisons between a flea and love. Also in To His Coy Mistress written by Andrew Marvell in 1652, Andrew Marvell also doesn’t follow the conventional way of a poem as he describes her shyness to go to bed with him as a devastating world story as he says ‘Had we but world enough, and time, this coyness lady were no crime’ he says that he would wait for all the time in the world has he the time and says that if so then her shyness would be no crime, which shows that he is longing to have sex with her and he goes on to say that he would wait tell ‘the conversion of the Jews’ but not all Jews would convert so he is saying that he would wait forever if he had the time but he nobody truly has all the time in the world. This is erotic love as he looks solely for pleasure although he shows his love for her he simply just wants to have sex with her and this poem is unconventional because in my opinion he doesn’t follow the conventional rules and praise her looks and compare her to angels and goddesses, he simply says that he cant wait any longer although he loves her forever. In Sonnet 130 written by William Shakespeare in 1592, this unconventional Shakespearean sonnet has William Shakespeare makes comparisons to crude and beastly things rather then things of any beauty or angelic resemblance as he starts off his sonnet by saying ‘ My Mistress eyes are nothing like the sun’ he gives out the image to the reader that her eyes are dark and have no light within them, he then goes on to say ‘If snow be white, why then her breast are dun’ this specific quote famously gives the impression that his mistress could be black as he says the word dun which meant tanned or mud – colored, in those time inter – racial relationships were frowned upon as black people were seen as second class citizens, he also adds ‘ the breath that from my mistress reeks’ the word â€Å"reeks† empathizes the point of her breath being unbearable and the poem generally shows that Shakespeare wants people to see how love really is t hat it cant be perfect as many say it is and that every person has their faults and no matter what is said love is never perfect, this is my interpretation on what Shakespeare trys to show us in this sonnet. Shakespeare also in his poem The Dark Lady he also describes his lover with hair as â€Å"wirey† which shows once again that Shakespeare doesn’t like to â€Å"sugar coat† anything he simply write exactly what he sees. In conclusion, I believe that Sonnet 130 written by William Shakespeare portrays the most effective expression of love because although its not what you expect from a love sonnet he portrays the solid truth with no sugar coating and no silver white lining to hide behind, as although it may seem as he simply is just having a rant about his mistress maybe because she has refused to go on with it a person may say but to me Shakespeare is trying to show the reader exactly what love is about, love is about putting up with the persons faults recognising them and finding a way past them and yet having a relationship together rather then letting people believe that love is about roses, heaven and everything becomes perfect, Shakespeare gives his opinion with no half-hearted approach.

Motivation for a Job of Translator Free Essay Example, 1500 words

I believe that further European integration is possible in the way that each country keeps its specific culture, tradition and language. Therefore, it is of great importance that the documents of the EU are translated into the languages of all member states. I would be honored and pleased to serve in the process of translating EU documents in my native speaking Slovenian language. Moreover, working for the EU institution is my strong wish and logical career path after completion of the LL. M. International and European Law. I believe that my educational background and various work experiences make me a qualified and competent candidate for translating relevant documents of diverse categories, particularly texts from the area of law and finance. It is my contention that a career in the EU Institutions would enable me to use and further develop my skills and knowledge diligently earned during postgraduate studies. The profile of a translator interests me for the reason that I find tra nslation of complex topics, from the source language to target languages, highly interesting. It presents a continuous challenge to work with the different languages and to find solutions for translating complex context that exist in one language but not in the other (e. g.We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation for a Job of Translator or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now punitive damages in common law system etc. ). As such, the work of translator is manifested as a calling for me and this is the reason why I am inspired to apply and hopefully become a member of your team. Last but not least, there are a genuine enthusiasm and personal drive to serve in an international environment and with people of different nations from diverse cultures. To the work of the European, I can contribute in delivering high-quality translations within the deadlines set and by providing linguistic advice. I can offer translations from English and French languages into Slovenian language including making the necessary revisions of such translations and terminology search. A translation from the English language is my preference as I have a better command of the English language which comes as a result of my postgraduate studies and work experiences.